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LF-BK cells were provided by the Plum Island Animal Disease Center (USA) this cell line was used for virus isolation. In doing so, the differences in immune reactivity between the adjuvants were examined, and the immunity and protective efficacy of the two different delivery routes were compared. Therefore, this study evaluated vaccines with different adjuvants, which are deemed optimal for ID vaccination in a safe manner without an injection needle. Countries that are subject to FMD vaccination should make efforts to establish the effective vaccination strategy that suits the conditions of their respective countries. Regarding the vaccines for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome and Aujeszky's disease in pigs, several studies on the application of ID vaccination have been conducted.
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ID vaccination can also decrease the time taken for vaccination by using a needle-free vaccine delivery system. Moreover, it is a less painful method than IM vaccination and can reduce the formation of lesions at the time of vaccination. The intradermal (ID) delivery of immunogens is considered as an effective and efficient way of vaccination for humans and livestock ID vaccination has the potential to save the production cost of FMD vaccines because it has been reported that a lower antigen payload is effective in generating protective immunity in pigs and cattle than the intramuscular (IM) route. A previous study reported that the economic losses to producers from discarding those deformed carcasses are substantial. This is because, the granulomatous tissue is formed mostly in the shoulder region of the pork, which is more expensive than other parts in South Korea and needs to be cut and discarded. In recent years, some of these problems have attracted particular attention in South Korea in terms of economic losses. This process of administering FMD vaccines containing oil-based adjuvants in pigs can cause side effects and problems, such as the spread of other contagious diseases, local inflammation, the formation of granulomas, or edema in the area of injection. Owing to the herd size, it is common that a number of pigs are vaccinated repeatedly using the same syringe needle. An FMD vaccine is generally administered into the muscles of animals using a syringe and injection needle.
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Despite this, an FMD outbreak occurred in July 2014. Since 2011, it has been mandated that all susceptible livestock in Korea are to be vaccinated with an inactivated FMD vaccine. FMD viruses (FMDVs) can be divided into seven serotypes (Euroasiatic serotypes O, A, Asia1, and C and South African territories serotypes: SAT1, SAT2, and SAT3), among which no cross-serotype protection is expected. In conclusion, a new vaccine formula can be chosen for the delivery of intradermal route to exclude the possibility of local reactions in the muscle and generate protective immunity against an FMDV challenge.įoot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is economically important and affects cloven-hoofed animals, including pigs, cattle, goats, swine or sheep, and wild animals.
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Of the oil-based adjuvants selected in this study, ISA 207 was effective in eliciting immunogenicity in intradermal vaccination. Importantly, the formation of granuloma in muscle could be excluded in the intradermally vaccinated group. When the same amount of an FMD virus (FMDV) antigen was administered to pigs, both the intradermally and intramuscularly vaccinated groups were protected completely against a challenge of the homologous FMDV, but the intramuscularly vaccinated group showed an overall higher level of neutralizing antibodies. This study compared the immune responses of intramuscular and needleless intradermal vaccination in pigs. Therefore, it is important to establish an FMD vaccine and vaccine delivery tool that offers better immunity and safer application. The administration of FMD vaccines containing oil-based adjuvants in pigs can induce the formation of granuloma in the muscle of the vaccinated, which makes these vaccines a less preferable option. The effective prevention of this disease requires the use of high-quality vaccines to meet the criteria that enable customers to use them simply. Vaccination is one of the most effective ways of controlling and preventing foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreaks.